The author describes historical demography in terms of the major techniques used in the field. He assesses its importance and relationship to both demography and history as separate disciplines. (Author/AV)

Reviews the development of urban history since the 1870s and describes the present variety of urban history studies. Current studies seem to focus on either macromodels and urban systems or on internal networks and densities. (Author/AV)

Discusses social geography, explains why it defies easy definition, examines its focus on social problems, and concludes that social geography may eventually merge into human geography. (Author/DB)

Traces development of cultural geography in the United States during the 20th century. Topics discussed include culture, cultural traditions, and culture regions; aspects of culture systems; the relationship of population growth to technological advancement; and research concerns of cultural geographers. (Author/DB)

Traces advances in human ecology from 1954-1978, considers research methodology used by geographers to study human ecology, and summarizes major research findings. Concludes that geographers should develop models to explain mutual relations of people and environment. (Author/DB)