Purpose: Power, policy and politics set the landscape for technocratic approaches in the educational system. Efficiency and money-saving initiatives that adhere to a one-size-fits-all approach drive the response to complex and multifaceted challenges within education. This has been made apparent through the COVID-19 pandemic and its aftermath.…

Test-takers' voices in relation to high-stakes language tests have received growing attention in recent years. While the perspectives of this stakeholder group can be utilised to improve test quality, test-taking experience, and test impact, we argue that this goal needs to be achieved by considering a fundamental shift in our conceptualisation of…

The notion of design adopted in this paper embraces the design of all human systems. Education for design should focus primarily on the design of human relations, instrumentalities, and institutions, along with their respective role patterns. The nature of learning at these three steps is seen as the cybernetic evolution of measure, norms, and…