This article had four goals. First, the authors identified a set of general challenges and questions that a life-span theory of development should address. Second, they presented a comprehensive account of their Motivational Theory of Life-Span Development. They integrated the model of optimization in primary and secondary control and the…

The concept of self-control is analyzed in terms of a two-stage process: general cognitive set and specific self-controlling responses. Primary attention is given to incorporation of the cognitive set into a fuller understanding of behavior modification. (Author)

Intervention packages-planned units of instruction and practice designed to deal with specific student problems-offer a systematic economical strategy for counseling. This article suggest guidelines for developing and administering intervention packages. (Author)

A preliminary investigation of the Turtle Technique, a procedure for helping emotionally disturbed children control their own impulsive behavior, is described. Eleven children drawn from two classrooms were instructed in the use of the technique for self-control of aggression. Results revealed significant decrements in aggressive behavior in both…

A perception of limited autonomy in the environment of the low socioeconomic black child has important implications for educators. Firstly, since the educational setting is challenging and often fear-provoking for disadvantaged students, it would seem desirable to reduce the generalized expectancy of powerlessness that is characteristic of many of…

Explores the impact of a personal development project on the attitudes, behavior, and understanding of British high school students. The study circulated questionnaires to students from nine different locations in two districts. Responses clearly demonstrated that Personal Development Planning results in more appropriate choices being made at key…