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Henne, Paul; O'Neill, Kevin – Cognitive Science, 2022
Mike accidentally knocked against a bottle. Seeing that the bottle was about to fall, Jack was just about to catch it when Peter accidentally knocked against him, making Jack unable to catch it. Jack did not grab the bottle, and it fell to the ground and spilled. In double-prevention cases like these, philosophers and nonphilosophers alike tend to…
Descriptors: Evaluative Thinking, Prevention, Logical Thinking, Individual Differences
Laura Galeano; Gustaf Gredebäck – Cognitive Science, 2024
We investigated the relations between self-reported math anxiety, task difficulty, and pupil dilation in adults and very young children during math tasks of varying difficulty levels. While task difficulty significantly influenced pupillary responses in both groups, the association between self-reported math anxiety and pupil dilation differed…
Descriptors: Mathematics Anxiety, Difficulty Level, Task Analysis, Eye Movements
Ramotowska, Sonia; Steinert-Threlkeld, Shane; Maanen, Leendert; Szymanik, Jakub – Cognitive Science, 2023
According to logical theories of meaning, a meaning of an expression can be formalized and encoded in truth conditions. Vagueness of the language and individual differences between people are a challenge to incorporate into the meaning representations. In this paper, we propose a new approach to study truth-conditional representations of vague…
Descriptors: Computation, Models, Semantics, Decision Making
Lauren Fletcher; Hugh Rabagliati; Jennifer Culbertson – Cognitive Science, 2024
There is ample evidence that individual-level cognitive mechanisms active during language learning and use can contribute to the evolution of language. For example, experimental work suggests that learners will reduce case marking in a language where grammatical roles are reliably indicated by fixed word order, a correlation found robustly in the…
Descriptors: Communication Skills, Autism Spectrum Disorders, English, Language Processing
Palma, Pauline; Lee, Sarah; Hodgins, Vegas; Titone, Debra – Cognitive Science, 2023
Studies of language evolution in the lab have used the iterated learning paradigm to show how linguistic structure emerges through cultural transmission--repeated cycles of learning and use across generations of speakers . However, agent-based simulations suggest that prior biases crucially impact the outcome of cultural transmission. Here, we…
Descriptors: Bilingualism, Language Acquisition, Language Research, Adults
David W. Braithwaite; Anna N. Rafferty – Cognitive Science, 2025
Math problem solving frequently involves choices among alternative strategies. Strategy choices, and effects of problem features on strategy choices, both vary among individuals. We propose that individual differences in strategy choices can be well characterized in terms of parametric variation in three types of influence: global bias, relevant…
Descriptors: Individual Differences, Fractions, Arithmetic, Problem Solving
Weiyan Liao; Janet Hui-wen Hsiao – Cognitive Science, 2024
In isolated English word reading, readers have the optimal performance when their initial eye fixation is directed to the area between the beginning and word center, that is, the optimal viewing position (OVP). Thus, how well readers voluntarily direct eye gaze to this OVP during isolated word reading may be associated with reading performance.…
Descriptors: Foreign Countries, English (Second Language), Eye Movements, Markov Processes
Perfors, Andrew; Kidd, Evan – Cognitive Science, 2022
Humans have the ability to learn surprisingly complicated statistical information in a variety of modalities and situations, often based on relatively little input. These statistical learning (SL) skills appear to underlie many kinds of learning, but despite their ubiquity, we still do not fully understand precisely what SL is and what individual…
Descriptors: Statistics Education, Individual Differences, Perception, Stimuli
Król, Michal; Król, Magdalena E. – Cognitive Science, 2022
Existing research demonstrates that pre-decisional information sampling strategies are often stable within a given person while varying greatly across people. However, it remains largely unknown what drives these individual differences, that is, why in some circumstances we collect information more idiosyncratically. In this brief report, we…
Descriptors: Spatial Ability, Information Seeking, Sampling, Decision Making
David Menendez; Sarah A. Brown; Martha W. Alibali – Cognitive Science, 2023
Why do people shift their strategies for solving problems? Past work has focused on the roles of contextual and individual factors in explaining whether people adopt new strategies when they are exposed to them. In this study, we examined a factor not considered in prior work: people's evaluations of the strategies themselves. We presented…
Descriptors: Individual Differences, Problem Solving, Learning Strategies, Self Evaluation (Individuals)
Dreneva, Anna; Shvarts, Anna; Chumachenko, Dmitry; Krichevets, Anatoly – Cognitive Science, 2021
The paper addresses the capabilities and limitations of extrafoveal processing during a categorical visual search. Previous research has established that a target could be identified from the very first or without any saccade, suggesting that extrafoveal perception is necessarily involved. However, the limits in complexity defining the processed…
Descriptors: Cognitive Processes, Geometric Concepts, Visual Perception, Eye Movements
Johnson, Tamar; Siegelman, Noam; Arnon, Inbal – Cognitive Science, 2020
Over the last decade, iterated learning studies have provided compelling evidence for the claim that linguistic structure can emerge from non-structured input, through the process of transmission. However, it is unclear whether individuals differ in their tendency to add structure, an issue with implications for understanding who are the agents of…
Descriptors: Individual Differences, Cognitive Ability, Learning Processes, Language Acquisition
Abramov, Olga; Kern, Friederike; Koutalidis, Sofia; Mertens, Ulrich; Rohlfing, Katharina; Kopp, Stefan – Cognitive Science, 2021
When young children learn to use language, they start to use their hands in co-verbal gesturing. There are, however, considerable differences between children, and it is not completely understood what these individual differences are due to. We studied how children at 4 years of age employ speech and iconic gestures to convey meaning in different…
Descriptors: Cognitive Ability, Semantics, Speech, Nonverbal Communication
Thomas, Michael S. C.; Coecke, Selma – Cognitive Science, 2023
Differences in socioeconomic status (SES) correlate both with differences in cognitive development and in brain structure. Associations between SES and brain measures such as cortical surface area and cortical thickness mediate differences in cognitive skills such as executive function and language. However, causal accounts that link SES, brain,…
Descriptors: Socioeconomic Status, Cognitive Processes, Brain, Cognitive Development
Stocco, Andrea; Prat, Chantel S.; Graham, Lauren K. – Cognitive Science, 2021
The ability to reason and problem-solve in novel situations, as measured by the Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices (RAPM), is highly predictive of both cognitive task performance and real-world outcomes. Here we provide evidence that RAPM performance depends on the ability to reallocate attention in response to self-generated feedback about…
Descriptors: Individual Differences, Rewards, Abstract Reasoning, Problem Solving