This paper characterizes sex as a status characteristic, presents data supportive of the characterization, and offers suggestions for remedying the noted imbalance. (Author/AM)

The literature on crowding in residential and laboratory settings is reviewed, and a model of crowding highlighting the importance of perceived control and group orientation is discussed. (EF)

Presents data from the administration of questionnaires containing civil liberties and personality measures in two different years to adults in the metropolitan New York City area, finding that attitudes towards civil liberties issues correlated with flexibility, self-reliance, independence, anomie, and fate control measures. Anxiety scores did…

This paper develops a theory of sex-role stereotyping and power use in terms of how people interact in daily life situations. It is demonstrated that women have less access, in reality and in expectations, to concrete resources and competence leaving them with helpless modes of influence. (Author/AM)

Non-verbal behavior is a powerful and consistent channel for communication of womens' low status. In both direct interactions with men and in personal styles of feminine behavior, non-verbal cues actively perpetuate traditional sex-role stereotypes, often in ways of which most people are unaware. (Author/AM)

Contemporary researchers have either a materialistic orientation, represented by behaviorism, or a nonmaterialistic orientation, represented by phenomenology; both are similar in their concern with internal as opposed to external determinants a relatively recent ideological shift in psychological research. (Author/JM)

Discusses six impediments to independent expression of opinion: risks of disapproval, lack of perceived alternatives, fear of disrupting the proceedings, absence of shared communication, inability to feel responsibility, and sense of impotence. Asserts that to overcome these impediments, socialization oriented to the critical evaluation of…

Major points of this paper are: (a) that the goals of femininity and competence are not necessarily the same, and (b) that little is known about how to rear females to be competent, partly because competence, especially intellectual competence, has never been considered an important goal for females. (Author/AM)

Research on children's perceptions of control has identified both changes and consistencies in control beliefs during childhood and early adolescence. Developmental changes in coping have also been documented. Implications of research for interventions aimed at enhancing children's problem-solving and coping skills are discussed. (SLD)

Summarizes research concerning the long-range effects of teachers' controlling strategies and children's motivational orientations on achievement-related behaviors. Evidence suggests that children with an extrinsic motivation toward schoolwork suffer from important deficits that are influenced by teaching strategy. Research findings are discussed…

Data from a longitudinal study of adolescent development of approximately 2,300 sixth and seventh graders (the Michigan Study of Adolescent Life Transitions) provide a basis for the hypothesis that optimal developmental outcomes should result from an environment that gradually reduces adult control as the child's desire for autonomy increases.…

Research suggests that primary control increases as humans develop from infancy through middle age and then decreases in old age. To minimize losses, individuals rely on cognitively based secondary control processes in middle and old age. Literature on adult control processes is reviewed. (SLD)

This journal issue brings together research on perceptions of control of several vulnerable populations, specifically children, lower level employees, the ill, and the aged. This introduction discusses positive outcomes associated with sense of control and identifies common themes found in work in this area. (SLD)