This article had four goals. First, the authors identified a set of general challenges and questions that a life-span theory of development should address. Second, they presented a comprehensive account of their Motivational Theory of Life-Span Development. They integrated the model of optimization in primary and secondary control and the…

Presents a survival expert's model of survival. Characterizes survival in terms of being prepared for a crisis, escaping the immediate threat, avoiding disorientation and fear, and the survival routine, which includes hope, flexibility, and humor. Notes the impact of posttrauma situations and the need for continued vigilance. (RJM)

This paper reports two studies designed to examine the hypothesis that political participation reaches optimum levels among those groups where political trust is low and political efficacy is high. (Author/KM)

Examined model of therapeutic control, which posited that control indices can be described by 3 independent dimensions, through audio-recorded meetings of 26 clients. Rated audiotapes with 5 different control-coding schemes, and aggregated resulting sequential ratings with 3 different methods, yielding 15 different behavioral-control indices.…

Children who were forbidden use of an attractive toy were later tempted with attractive prizes to falsify scores. Subjects who complied with the initial severe threat showed less resistence to temptation than control subjects. (JB)

Tests the hypothesis that an ingratiating subordinate will receive more rewards when the one in power is also faced with a hostile subordinate. Finds that an ingratiating subordinate receives more than his share of rewards regardless, and that all compliant subordinates receive even more when a hostile subordinate is present. (MB)

Self-efficacy theory maintains that self-efficacy expectancy, a belief about one's ability to perform a behavior successfully, is independent of outcome expectancy, a belief about the likelihood of the behavior leading to a specific outcome. To examine this hypothesis, subjects (N=95) read communications that differed in descriptions of the…

The article views power as a potential tool for human resource development (HRD) practitioners and focuses on personal power (the ability to influence others) rather than on role power (the right to influence others). Manipulation is discussed as a way to exercise personal power. (Author/BP)

Examined interaction between Type A behavior and perceived controllability of stressors on overt exhibition of Type A behavior and task performance. Results from 122 undergraduate business students indicated that Type A behavior had strongest effect on overt exhibition of Type A behavior when subjects perceived their environment as moderately…

Examined kinds of power strategies used by masculine, feminine, androgynous, and undifferentiated people in their intimate relationships. Androgynous people reported using primarily bilateral strategies, such as persuasion. Undifferentiated people reported using primarily unilateral strategies, such as doing what they wanted, regardless of their…

Choice Awareness is a cognitive-affective-behavioral system designed to enable people to make effective choices. Choice Awareness can serve in a group process that enables individuals to reach beyond their present patterns of behaviors and implement new choices. (Author)

External orientation was significantly related to feelings of political incapability. Early personal orientation toward problem solving led to generalized expectations providing long-range motivational and behavioral patterns for individuals throughout life. (Author/NRB)

Reviews the history of black education in America, emphasizes its corollary virtues of self-help, self-reliance, and self-determination, and assesses their implications for the future. (Author)