Argues that a social and support services network must be conjoined with Indochinese ESL programs to facilitate language training and overall resettlement. Survival, prevocational, and occupation-related language goals of the refugees must be addressed if they are to remain effectively involved in ESL programs. (EKN)

An evaluation of a Des Moines program, in which the relationship of student background and program achievement was examined, is summarized. It was found that more instruction in English was beneficial in the first year of schooling, but had diminishing effects during the second and third years. Implications for similar programs are discussed. (MSE)

A review of English-as-a-Second-Language programs for Indochinese refugees concludes that the long-term well-being of Indochinese people in the United States depends on programs that contribute to community organization, political action, and a capacity to confront causes of poverty, rather than programs that channel refugees into minimum wage…