Describes educational systems in Norway, Sweden, and Denmark, touching on tuition costs, adult education programs, vocational education programs, folk universities, admission standards, certificate of completion, radio and television courses, study circles, no-grade system, and the international folk college. (TP)

Traces the history of grading and discusses the complex problem of evaluation and grading of student achievement. Reviews the various reference measures and notes the type of functions grades are supposed to serve. Cites seven alternatives to traditional grading. Concludes that "grades are the tail that wags the dog." (BRR)