Continuing technological advances in computers and communications make possible the integration of data systems and the exchange of data among them on an expanding scale. However, the full effect of these advances cannot be realized unless the need for uniform understanding of the common information (data elements) and their expression in data…

MONIFORMS are partially completed coding formats in the TUTOR language used to create frequently used question types such as multiple choice, matching, and constructed response questions. The author adds information related to specific questions and responses, using one of several options available for tailoring a question to meet specific…