In this study, written compositions were obtained from each of the elementary students during the four years of testing. The students were shown silent movies--thereby eliminating any possibility of providing spelling clues--and were then asked to write their compositions explaining how the movie made them feel or what they say in the movie. The…

Materials in the Initial Teaching Alphabet (ITA) were developed for use in remedial reading instruction of functionally illiterate adults. These materials were used for an experimental tutorial session totalling 20 hours of instruction and two hours of testing and interviewing. The tutorial sessions provided a case study for use in formative…