Silence is not often recognized as a key component within dialogue. Dialogue within the classroom and other settings tend to focus on verbal forms of communication and neglect ways in which dialogue is imbued with silence. However, silence is not merely the absence of sound or speech. This activity explores silence as a multifaceted, literal, and…

Idea evaluation is a critical activity in the creative process due to its role in making a decision about what idea(s) should be developed further and implemented, or whether more ideas should be generated. Confidence in the correctness of the evaluation plays a key role in making that decision. Emerging evidence suggests that inner speaking, the…

Silent reading frequently entails engaging the "inner voice," a phenomenon in which individuals sub-vocally articulate words in their minds. This inner voice is understood to stem from the internalization process, wherein external verbal speech transitions into internal dialogue. However, the mechanisms through which foreign language…

This paper investigates how inner speech in English as a foreign language (LX) and Chinese first languages (L1s) of 425 multilingual Chinese university students in the UK is affected by their stay. An eight-item scale was developed to cover two different discourse domains for inner speech, namely the academic and the general domain. LX…

The article substantiates the need to integrate the findings of linguistics and information theory for the selection of learning content aimed at developing and perfecting the universal cognitive skills of students of a technical university. Consideration of the concept of information in the learning process, the amount of information, and the…

Growth mindset characteristics and the strategies used throughout education to encourage students to develop an incremental belief about their intelligence provides supportive traits for college students. This qualitative descriptive study looked at how college students in the southeast of the United States describe their growth mindset…

In Simon-type interference tasks, participants are asked to perform a 2-choice reaction on a stimulus dimension while ignoring the stimulus position. Commonly, robust congruency effects are found; that is, reactions are faster when the relevant stimulus attribute and the assigned response match the location of the stimulus. Simon congruency…

The present study investigated whether and how learning-specific inner speech predicted students' learning strategy and academic performance. Frequencies of inner speech use in specific learning settings were assessed. Four dimensions of inner speech including self-criticism, self-reinforcement, self-management, and social assessment were…

Despite the significance of motivational regulation in the development of second language speaking skills, few studies have scrutinized its relationship with an emergent learning context. This study investigates how differently tertiary level English as a foreign language (EFL) learners exert autonomy and regulate motivation by proficiency levels…

In order to achieve the expected high performance, athletes must be physically, technically, tactically and socially ready as well as being psychologically ready and strong (Erdogan & Kocaeksi, 2015). In this context, mental training of athletes is also important. Mental training means that athletes adjust and control their own sports behavior…

Remarkably little is known regarding what people talk to themselves about (inner speech use) in their everyday lives. Existing self-directed speech measures (e.g., thought sampling and questionnaires) either uniquely capture inner speech frequency and neglect its content or classify self-reported thoughts instances in overly simplistic categories…

This doctoral dissertation explores diverse facets of online research and comprehension among college students with English as a second or foreign language (L2 students). The research involves three distinct investigations within this overarching theme. Firstly, the study delves into the online reading and writing practices employed by Korean L2…

Psychological literature in the field of internal dialogical activity assumes that internal temporal dialogues perform several important functions, namely: support, redefining the past, balancing, distancing, advising, making decisions, acquiring wisdom and managing the future. The article is an attempt to verify this proposal through qualitative…

Investigations into the use of private speech by adult English foreign language (EFL) learners in regulating their mental activities have been an interesting area of research with a sociocultural framework. Following this line of research, 30 advanced adult EFL learners were selected via the administration of Oxford quick placement test and took a…

One of the concerns foreign language teachers may have about using small group (and pair) work is that students will use their shared first language (L1) instead of the target language. This study investigated the effect of learner proficiency pairing and task type on the amount of L1 used by learners of English as a foreign language (EFL) in pair…