The Circumplex of Identity Formation Modes (CIFM) is the latest approach designed to integrate the various concepts describing identity formation in the Erikson--Marcia tradition. The CIFM assumes the relationships between identity modes and personality traits. The process of identity formation emerges as a result of the interaction between…

Purpose: The mental health and well-being of employees is negatively impacted by stress, anxiety and depression. There is a need to address these issues at an organisational level to enhance workforce welfare and to decrease the number of days lost due to mental health/well-being concerns. This study aimed to evaluate a mental health and…

Idea evaluation is a critical activity in the creative process due to its role in making a decision about what idea(s) should be developed further and implemented, or whether more ideas should be generated. Confidence in the correctness of the evaluation plays a key role in making that decision. Emerging evidence suggests that inner speaking, the…

The present case study is inspired by preliminary observations of a young adolescent's use of private speech within pretend play to develop disciplinary knowledge in the home domain. Using audio-recordings of the learner's pretend play as a starting point, followed by informal conversations with her, the parent-as-researcher investigates the…

The purpose of this study is to adapt the STSIS Scale to Turkish and to investigate its psychometric qualities. The scale comprises 22 items and three variables (self-silencing, divided self, and putting the teacher first).The study participants comprised 298 young adults with a mean age of 21.09 years. Utrecht Work Engagement Scale-Student Form,…

The last three decades have seen significant development in understanding and describing the effects of task complexity on learner internal processes. However, researchers have primarily employed behavioral methods to investigate task-generated cognitive load. Being the first to adopt neuroimaging to study second language (L2) task effects, we…

Silent reading frequently entails engaging the "inner voice," a phenomenon in which individuals sub-vocally articulate words in their minds. This inner voice is understood to stem from the internalization process, wherein external verbal speech transitions into internal dialogue. However, the mechanisms through which foreign language…

Counselling practicum is essential to hone the skills and competencies needed. One competency to be had by the prospective counsellors is mind skills, which are metacognition skills to manage their thoughts to give adaptive responses and performance. This study aims to identify the effect of mind skills training on prospective counsellors'…

Teachers exercising reflexivity through their internal conversations is one of the most important factors in the process of curriculum change. Drawing from Margaret Archer's theory, this research explores teachers' internal conversations in their own descriptions about a range of matters related to curriculum making. Eight secondary school…

The study's aims were to (a) evaluate preschoolers' use of private speech (overt talk to themselves) during spelling; and (b) study how it is affected by the nature of orthography. Participants were 197 Hebrew speaking Israeli preschoolers (109 girls and 88 boys) (M = 5.6 years). Children spelled 12 words (N =44 letters) that represented one of…

Many studies have highlighted the limited 'opportunity structures' of working-class undergraduates. However, there have been few studies exploring how students' agentic internal conversations mediate societal structures. Internal conversation is a reflexive process in which thoughts and decisions are considered in relation to social circumstances.…

During the Third International Conference on the Teaching of English the author was conscious of a bewildering variety of ideas and impressions on almost every conceivable subject that had some relevance to the teaching of English. In this article, the author shares his thoughts on the conference and the speakers. Donald Graves' account of his…

This paper investigates how inner speech in English as a foreign language (LX) and Chinese first languages (L1s) of 425 multilingual Chinese university students in the UK is affected by their stay. An eight-item scale was developed to cover two different discourse domains for inner speech, namely the academic and the general domain. LX…

The purpose of this study is to analyze the self-talk and optimal emotional state of athletes in team and individual sports. In this research, 86 females and 156 males--a total of 242--athletes participated on a voluntary basis. The self-talk scale and the optimal performance emotion state scale were identified as data collection tools in the…

Numerous studies argue that inhibitory control could be successfully enhanced in play activities during preschool age. Previous studies showed that fantasy significantly associated with inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility. It was also shown that inhibitory control is related to symbolic play (imagination of absent objects, attributing…