The study's aims were to (a) evaluate preschoolers' use of private speech (overt talk to themselves) during spelling; and (b) study how it is affected by the nature of orthography. Participants were 197 Hebrew speaking Israeli preschoolers (109 girls and 88 boys) (M = 5.6 years). Children spelled 12 words (N =44 letters) that represented one of…

Many studies have highlighted the limited 'opportunity structures' of working-class undergraduates. However, there have been few studies exploring how students' agentic internal conversations mediate societal structures. Internal conversation is a reflexive process in which thoughts and decisions are considered in relation to social circumstances.…

Children with negative competence beliefs often achieve below their potential in school. This randomized field experiment tested whether engaging in positive self-talk may benefit these children's mathematics performance. Participants (N = 212, Grades 4-6, M[subscript age] = 10.6) worked on the first half of a standardized mathematics test,…

Purpose: Our goal was to examine the relationship between language and executive function in children with specific language impairment (SLI) and/or developmental language disorder (DLD) with a specific focus on how language in the form of self-directed speech (SDS) affects executive functioning in this population. Method: Participants included…

Second language (L2) teaching is complex interactional work. Although how teachers teach is known to be significant to student engagement and learning, the specialized nature of teaching is typically represented as knowledge and beliefs about teaching. This is changing, however, as the number of studies drawing on ethnomethodology and conversation…

Traditional music education has prioritised external over internal performance aims, leading some learners to prioritise external motivations. I facilitated a workshop series for participants who experienced music performance anxiety when improvising, to examine if free improvisation coupled with expressive art response could cultivate…

Rehearsal is a form of self-talk used to support short-term memory. Historically, the study of rehearsal development has diverged from the study of self-talk more generally. The current experiment examines whether two characteristics of self-talk (impact of task difficulty and self-talk's narrative vs. planning purpose) are also observed in…

During the Third International Conference on the Teaching of English the author was conscious of a bewildering variety of ideas and impressions on almost every conceivable subject that had some relevance to the teaching of English. In this article, the author shares his thoughts on the conference and the speakers. Donald Graves' account of his…

In our L1 the person we talk to more than anybody else each day is ourself. We talk to ourselves all the time using our inner voice, both during our waking hours and in our dreams. We do so in order to make sense of the world, to understand what we see, read and hear, to comment and evaluate, to make decisions, to support ourselves, to entertain…

This paper investigates how inner speech in English as a foreign language (LX) and Chinese first languages (L1s) of 425 multilingual Chinese university students in the UK is affected by their stay. An eight-item scale was developed to cover two different discourse domains for inner speech, namely the academic and the general domain. LX…

The present study aims to determine whether level of self talk behaviors of athletes is one of the determinants of their continuous confidence levels. Whereas totally 358 athletes (X[subscript age]= 23.77 ± 3.87) were voluntarily participated into this study, 180 of them were female (X[subscript age]= 22.76 ± 3.050) and 236 of them were male…

The introduction of the Dialogical Self Theory in the field of education has not received the recognition it deserves. In this article we intend to prove the importance of research in DST, reviewing its main contributions to the psychology of education for the past decade. To this end, we have organized it into three thematic areas: dialogical…

The purpose of this study is to analyze the self-talk and optimal emotional state of athletes in team and individual sports. In this research, 86 females and 156 males--a total of 242--athletes participated on a voluntary basis. The self-talk scale and the optimal performance emotion state scale were identified as data collection tools in the…

Purpose: Individuals with aphasia often report that they feel able to say words in their heads, regardless of speech output ability. Here, we examine whether these subjective reports of successful "inner speech" (IS) are meaningful and test the hypothesis that they reflect lexical retrieval. Method: Participants were 53 individuals with…

Research in the field of collaboration in Virtual Learning Communities (VLCs) has mainly focused in learning and social interactions. At the same time, research related to cyberbullying mainly refers to social media contexts. In the current research, bullying behavior was examined through the collaboration process between learning communities. Two…