This study investigates the effects of adapting elementary science instruction to students' entering achievement levels on three dependent variables: (1) performance on tests of science content knowledge; (2) mastery of lesson objectives; and (3) attitude toward science. Subjects were 235 sixth graders from four elementary schools in a small,…

The purpose of this study was to assess and compare achievement of students who were taught science by three different approaches: direct experience (T-1), outdoor classroom (T-2), and indoor classroom (T-3). In addition, the number of students making observations of the outdoor environment for each treatment group was analyzed. The specific…

This study was designed to determine the relationships of student anxiety and dependency to the effects of teaching structure on the acquisition of science knowledge and processes within inductive/discovery learning. Teaching structure refers to the relative amounts of teacher and/or student control within the tasks. Randomly assigned fifth- and…