Dynamic concepts are difficult to explain in traditional media such as still slides. Animations seem to offer the advantage of delivering better representations of these concepts. Compared with static images and text, animations can present procedural information (e.g. biochemical reaction steps, physiological activities) more explicitly as they…

E-learning materials often have a linear design where all learners are forced into a single-mode pedagogy, which is contrary to the interaction that occurs in face-to-face learning. Ideally, e-learning materials should be nonlinear, interactive, contain context-sensitive and active learning elements, and accommodate various learning levels and…