Practicing retrieval of vocabulary items from memory (e.g., with flashcard software or practice tests) is an effective study strategy to remember vocabulary over time. Retrieval practice is often implemented in digital learning environments that increasingly include multimedia (i.e., combining textual and pictorial information). However, it is…

While Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) is recognised as an effective approach worldwide, its implementation in foreign language (FL) classrooms remains difficult. Earlier studies have identified factors impeding CLT implementation, such as a lack of communicative lesson materials or teachers' more traditional views on language learning. In…