In this study we presented new EES Model-2 extended from EES model for more productive implementation in e-learning process design and modelling in higher education. The most updates were related to uppermost instructional layer. We updated learning processes object of the layer for adaptation of educational process for young and old people,…

With newly developing multimedia and web-based technologies have provided opportunities of developing a multimedia-based collaborative eLearning systems. The development of eLearning systems has started a revolution for instructional content delivering, learning activities and social communication. Based on various positions on this issue have…

Legislation, research, and practice support access to technology by young children with disabilities. Yet barriers to technology use--lack of training, inadequate funding, failure to acknowledge technology as a relevant issue, or disbelief that technology can positively impact young children with disabilities--often prevail among many disciplines…

This paper presents the updated (fourth generation) version of the instructional design (ID) model, noting its emphasis on a scientific, iterative approach based upon research and theory in learning and instruction and upon applied development experience. Another important trend toward a scientific approach to instructional design is the increased…

This paper is a short tutorial in formal grammar with speculative examples of how it could be used as a research tool for task analysis, the description of lesson structure, the modeling of interactive dialogue, and perhaps the instructional design process. Gagne's notion of "events of instruction" is used in an example of the…

Instructional objectives are rarely supported by the delineation of alternate modalities for achieving those objectives. Both are necessary for the development of an individualized educational program. Learning research suggests nine general criteria for the selection of appropriate modalities: (1) the amount of immediate positive reinforcement…

Generalized conclusions presented in this paper on the use of computer-based education techniques in nations with developing educational systems are based on an 18-month study conducted in Brazil from 1975 to 1977. This study was the first of its kind in Latin America, and the results should be of interest to nationals of developing nations as…

Eight guidelines are presented for more closely integrating television into the total instructional process and for increasing its support and use. Developed through experience with instructional television at the state network level, these guidelines advocate (1) choosing an instructional area with an identified need, (2) choosing an area with a…

Because the Department of Defense spends more than $7 billion annually on training and educational opportunities, new instructional technologies are constantly explored in an attempt to make education and training more cost effective. Technologies which have been tried include: (1) instructional systems based on behavioral objectives; (2)…

The integration of concepts and contributions from learning theorists, media specialists, and teaching practitioners, optimized within a framework of selected system strategies derived from military management programs, can help resolve concerns for educational improvement and accountability and influence the utilization of technology enabling…

The goal of this panel was to explore the functions and roles of all personnel involved in new instructional systems which bring to bear advances in learning research and instructional technology. Five "approaches" for achieving this goal arose out of a discussion of the many problems involved in the design and implementation of new instructional…

Traditionally, instructional developers have confronted the following dilemmas: (1) motivation through coercion versus motivation through reward; (2) systems approaches versus intuition; and (3) incremental change versus fundamental change. A more pragmatic approach to institutional change should attempt to: (1) be user centered; (2) provide…

Utilization of the principles of instructional systems development and of educational technology can eliminate the inadequacies of instructional program development by the (usually untrained) teacher responsible. The four military services have created an interservice committee on Instructional Systems Development, which has created an…

This research assumes that systematic and systemic change are two components in instructional design (ID)--not dichotomous terms, but two sides of an interconnected dual structured system. Specifically, this paper examines the difference between systemic thinking and systematic thinking, the ideal mental model (dual structured systems) for ID, and…

Michigan State University developed a new instructional model which is a more comprehensive approach involving several instructional development consultants working with a group of faculty, a department, or an entire college. It involves specific agreements between clients and consultants before beginning the instructional development projects…