Cross-cultural orientation programs are generally intended to help sojourners in countries with cultures that are different from their own to make practical preparations for living abroad; communicate with people in the host country; avoid social errors; refrain from judging the host culture against their own cultural norms; and cope with culture…

Exchange programs of a month or less are unlikely to have many of the positive outcomes of more extended intercultural experiences. Worse, very short exchange programs (VSPs) may even have some undesirable outcomes. Positive outcomes not attainable through VSPs are: (1) development of long-lasting positive relationships and attitudes toward the…