Students were randomly assigned to study an instructional program by constructed responding or by reading. Level of prior attainment was ascertained by pretest scores. Interaction was found between prior achievement and instructional support. Constructed responding was especially beneficial for students with low pretest scores. (BJG)

Three-, 4-, and 5-year-olds performed Tower of London problems under spoken, manual, and combined (requiring both spoken and manual) response conditions. Preschoolers' solutions were most goal-focused when required to give only a spoken response, intermediately goal-focused when required to give both response types, and least goal-focused when…

A model was developed for teaching beginning shorthand through the use of computer-assisted instruction (CAI). The model was based on the supposition that incorrect responses decrease the efficiency of the learning process. A response not completed within the amount of time required for a correct response was predicted to be incorrect. In the…

Research conducted over the past 80 years is examined to answer three questions on sensory modality as it relates to reading. In the 18 studies reviewed which relate to the superiority of one modality over another, there was no consensus regarding the relative effectiveness of modalities among adults. The evidence leans toward greater…

Effects of trait and state anxiety levels (low, medium, high), response mode (reading, constructed response), and program length (short, long) on performance for familiar and technical computer-assisted instruction materials were investigated. High trait anxiety was associated with high levels of state anxiety. Constructed response groups had…

Assessments were made of the impact of various overt response modes on the problem-solving process. The Luchins Water Jar Problems were presented to undergraduate university students via interactive cathode ray tube computer terminals under four response mode conditions: Mnemonic Code, Multiple Choice (MC), Numerical List, and Constructed Response…

While a low error rate is considered desirable in programed instruction, it does not necessarily indicate an adequate program since the answer may be highly cued in ways unrelated to the major content of the items. A 377-item section of a psychology program was altered by choosing different words or phrases to leave blank for the subject to…

Some of the investigations concerned with the effectiveness of different modes of responding to programed and computer-assisted instruction (CAI) are reviewed. The findings suggest that when student familiarity with program content is low, or when there is little program redundancy as determined by the blackout ratio, constructing responses leads…

Examines the verbal-motor relationship in children who performed a Luria-type verbal control task, in which motor responses are initiated to positive stimuli and inhibited to negative stimuli. Subjects were 68 children from kindergarten, first and second grade. (MP)

This study investigates the educational consequences of utilizing listen-response-compare mode in a college level language laboratory. (Author)

A controlled experiment studying effects of adding voice-over sound to a silent electronic text service tested program acceptability and memory retention. Results indicate no significant differences in ratings for acceptability although the test for memory retention resulted in significantly higher scores for the sound group on recall and…

A procedural task was demonstrated via videotape in two formats - one with motion, one using a series of still photographs. The sound tracks were identical. In two experiments the motion treatment was superior for some subjects and cuing arrows made no difference. (Author)

A study of employed undergraduate management students was conducted to determine whether responses on computerized surveys are more candid than those on paper-and-pencil scales. Subjects were given either a paper-and-pencil or a computer version of the Job Descriptive Index (JDI) and the Self-Monitoring Scale to measure job satisfaction. (43…