This paper presents a critical review of theoretical models on institutional internationalization in higher education. Over the past three decades, scholars have proposed numerous frameworks to understand internationalization processes, yet gaps persist in their practical application and integration. Through a systematic and evaluative examination…

Purpose: In an era of internationalism, higher education and vocational training have been core to Australia's nation-building, regional co-operation and public diplomacy. This essay examines what has become of the people-to-people aspect of Australia's engagements in the Indo-Pacific region, as discussed in the Australian government's influential…

This article utilises recent Australian schooling policies and associated international educational policies as a stimulus to reflect on the extent to which schooling provides genuinely 'educational' opportunities for students. To do so, the article draws upon Gert Biesta's notion of the 'risk' of education to analyse the extent to which recent…

This paper explores the legitimation of Finnish education export (EE) activities linked to higher education institutions. As a small non-English speaking country with only recent involvement in the EE market, Finland provides an underexplored context to consider the legitimation of overseas, fee-based educational services from the perspective of…

India, traditionally one of the largest exporters of mobile students, has adopted wide-ranging policies to attract more international students. This research draws on a secondary analysis of published international student mobility (ISM) statistics for the 2012 to 2021 timeline and a text-based examination of Indian higher education (HE) policy…

Mainland China's domestic academic literature on foreign issues can be regarded as a reference for its policymaking since the early stages of the "Reform and Opening Up". This investigation constructs a multi-theoretical framework for examining and interpreting mainland China's domestic academic narrative surrounding higher education…

This paper focuses on the interplay of European and national higher education policy in implementing a joint degree Erasmus Mundus programme on institutional level. We utilise the stakeholder approach to highlight and contrast the differing internationalisation rationales. Specifically, we analyse how the impact of external stakeholders (European…

This study examines two decades of efforts to Europeanize teacher education in Kosovo, addressing how European frameworks have influenced national policies and practices. Employing a qualitative methodology that integrates historical analysis with semistructured interviews of key stakeholders, the research highlights the tension between external…

The 2010s witnessed unparalleled policymaking and development in international higher education in China. Whilst research has shed light on the broader historical spectrum of China's international higher education policies, few studies have focused exclusively on those of the 2010s. This study builds upon the theoretical perspectives of…

The war in Ukraine has opened a Pandora's Box of internationalization concerns that, heretofore, took a backseat to concerns with the effectiveness and sustainability of the field. In analyzing the impact of the war on international higher education, scholars offered various assessments of the conflict's effects, especially in the combatant…

Recent policy changes to the regulation of international schooling for Chinese nationals in China have seen restrictions on curriculum, admissions and ownership. While there is evidence of the impact of these changes at the institutional level, it is not clear how recent regulation has impacted the actors at the phenomenological level. In order to…

The globalisation of science, industry and commerce has resulted in the internationalisation of education. In this context, 'a global citizen', representing the Humboldtian educational model, has to have "universal" cognitive skills and cultural competences formed by an international/global education. However, Malaysia's unique…

In the 1947 Truman Commission, Zook noted a validation of international education for US community colleges and specified two recommendations for the internationalization of US community colleges. The first recommendation was to embrace internationalization in the curriculum, and the second was to create an educational context in which students…

National policy requires private colleges in Oman to have an academic affiliation with a foreign university. How this policy is received and acted on was investigated through an interview-based study involving colleges with affiliates based in England, Scotland, India, Malaysia and Jordan. The study draws on social practice theory, Bourdieu's…

Comparative higher education is arguably lagging behind its sister field of comparative education. It has been developed more recently, lacks in institutional structure, its intellectual debate is marginal, and its political construction is incomplete. Yet, despite the pitfalls of comparative higher education research, this article argues that…