Over 2 million foreign students and scholars studied at U.S. universities in 2019, in many cases contributing to U.S. research. The U.S. government implements export controls to, among other things, mitigate the risk of foreign students and scholars obtaining controlled and sensitive information that could benefit foreign adversaries. The…

The "Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 2021" contains the Budget Message of the President, information on the President's priorities, and summary tables. This year's Budget includes $4.4 trillion in savings--bringing deficits down each year, and putting the Federal Government on a path to a balanced budget in 15 years.…

This background paper reviews copyright, patent, and trade secret protections as these issues are related to computer software. Topics discussed include current issues regarding legal protection for computer software including the necessity for defining intellectual property, determining what should or should not be protected, commerical piracy,…

This document presents the text of Public Law 106-229, the "Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act." The act states that, with respect to any transaction in or affecting interstate or foreign commerce: a signature, contract, or other record relating to such transaction may not be denied legal effect, validity, or…

The politics and performance of the post-Mao Chinese government (1976 to the present) in the areas of foreign economic relations and Sino-American normalization are examined. Realizing that the four modernizations program for bringing up to date agriculture, industry, science and technology, and defense, initiated by Mao's successors in 1977, was…

Describes the events that led to the establishment of the national policy for informatics in Brazil, which restricts foreign involvement in that nation's computer industry. The governing agencies are described, controversies and debates surrounding the policy are summarized, and the reaction of the American government is discussed. (Author/CLB)

Summarizes recent developments in information technology research and development, telecommunication services, telephone manufacturing, telecommunication networks, information processing, and U.S. import/export policy. It is concluded that government regulation as a policy strategy depends on how one defines national security. (Author/CLB)

This report presents a comprehensive delineation of the principal issues in the field of international telecommunications and information, as well as an overview of United States policy in this area. The first part discusses international trends in protectionism and the politicization of international forums; it also outlines United States goals,…

This report analyzes the major issues discussed at hearings held by the House Subcommittee on Science, Research and Technology on the availability of Japanese scientific and technical information (STI), and outlines the various alternatives for action. The study begins with a discussion of Japan's efforts to coordinate STI, including government…

This report presents the findings and recommendations of the Committee on Education and Labor, to which was referred the bill, H.R. 4728, to establish programs of education and training designed to improve the competitiveness of American workers in international trade. An explanation of the bill first provides committee feelings regarding Title I,…

In recent years, concern in the United States over continuing competitive advances by Japan in science and technology has increased. To respond to these concerns, several federal agencies and private sector organizations have increased efforts to monitor Japanese science and technology developments. This report describes and analyzes some of these…

Two trends have inhibited the development of information and ideas, which are vital resources in a modern technological society, First, the Federal Government is engaged in efforts to control the flow of scientific and technical information (STI) to make it less accessible to foreign competitors and hostile nations. Second, the role of government…

This document contains the text of three days of hearings before the United States House of Representatives Subcommittee on Science, Research, and Technology. The hearings were held to consider the role of science and engineering in world competitiveness, particularly with regard to the United States' nonmetric posture in a metric world. Testimony…

This report is a recommendation for passage of Senate bill S.4, the National Competitiveness Act of 1993, with an amendment. The purpose of this bill is to promote the industrial competitiveness and economic growth of the United States by strengthening and expanding the civilian technology programs of the Department of Commerce and amending the…

This congressional report contains testimony pertinent to the passage of the School Improvement Act of 1987 and the Education and Training for American Competitiveness Act of 1987. Testimony by representatives of the following agencies and organizations is included in the report: New York University; the United Steelworkers of America; the…