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Bougon, Michel; And Others – Administrative Science Quarterly, 1977
This research represents a radically new approach to organization analysis based on a study of participants' cause maps. It begins by ranking the variables of the average cause map and then, using these ranks, unfolding the map into a content-free graph called an etiograph. (Author/IRT)
Descriptors: Individual Power, Interpersonal Relationship, Models, Organization

Schilit, Warren K.; Locke, Edwin A. – Administrative Science Quarterly, 1982
Researchers interviewed 83 subordinate employees and 70 supervisory employees to investigate the ways subordinates try to influence their supervisors. Supervisors and subordinates reported similar agents and methods of influence, causes of success, and outcomes of attempts at upward influence, but different causes of failure. (Author/RW)
Descriptors: Individual Power, Interpersonal Relationship, Labor Relations, Power Structure