Examined the existence of preschoolers' assumption of one-proper-name-to-one-individual in their word learning. Subjects were 90 4-year olds. Found that children were likely to interpret a word as a proper name if it was applied to one instead of two objects. However, children overrode this default assumption if sufficient contextual information…

Studies the dimensions of meaning attributed to facial expressions of emotion in preschoolers and adults. Subjects indicated the similarity or dissimilarity among different emotions by placing photographs of emotional facial expressions into preordained groups. For each age group, multidimensional scaling yielded a two-dimensional structure…

Two studies investigated children's understanding that biases may influence the interpretation of behavior. In the first experiment, most second graders inferred that a negatively biased, uninformed observer would construe an act as intentional. In the second, kindergartners and second graders appropriately used bias and knowledge information to…