Using latent profile analysis, this study refined the traditional defender and outsider roles in bullying research and examined intrapersonal, interpersonal, and contextual factors associated with subtypes of roles. Participants were 1,373 adolescents (40% girls, M[subscript age]: 14 years) from 54 classrooms in six middle schools. The results…

In the United States, racial-ethnic differences on tests of school readiness and academic achievement continue. A complete understanding of the origins of racial-ethnic achievement gaps is still lacking. This article describes social equity theory (SET), which proposes that racial-ethnic achievement gaps originate from two kinds of social process,…

Examined characteristics of 175 victimized fourth through seventh graders. It was expected that children would be more likely to anticipate tangible rewards, more likely to expect victim suffering, and less likely to expect retaliation when using aggression against victimized targets than when attacking nonvictimized targets. (RH)

The ability of 96 children (five, eight, and 12 years old) to nominate strategic social action that would alter a peer's ongoing emotional state was examined. Nominated strategies were appropriate to the emotional state to be altered; a shift with age from material intervention strategies to strategies involving verbal intervention or helping was…