Teachers encounter countless obstacles to ensure their needs are met when represented by the traditional union-administration working relationship. Unions hold established opinions and ideas on school policy about matters in the public school arena. The tradition of unions and district officials keeping one another placated in an adversarial…

Interviews with 19 elementary and secondary school principals provided information about the principals' most difficult administrative decisions. Analysis of the factors affecting their decisions revealed three types of values underlying the decisions--personalistic, organizational, and transcendant--with distinctly different potentials for…