This literature review responds to global concerns regarding the state of Islamic schools and their leadership. A socio-religious conceptual framework guided the inquiry and informed the analysis. The review offers a counternarrative to hegemonic discourses, provides meaning to the complex work of Islamic school leaders in varying contexts, and informs the literature on educational leadership for social justice. Findings suggest Islamic school leaders working to advance social justice converged and diverged in their worldviews, manipulated formal and informal power dynamics, supported the development of Muslim students' differing expressions of identity, and were responsible to others as a moral calling. The review makes international research connections in leadership for social justice and aims to deepen the knowledge base in educational leadership.