This article is an overview of the National Assessment of Education Quality (NAEQ) of China in reading, mathematics, sciences, arts, physical education, and moral education at Grades 4 and 8. After a review of the background and history of NAEQ, we present the assessment framework with students' holistic development at the core and the design for each subject used in the 2015-2017 assessment cycle. Technical details including item response modeling and the standard setting procedure are presented. We conclude with a discussion of the social impact, current issues, and future directions of national educational assessment.