Monetary sanctions, also known as legal financial obligations (LFOs), are a highly consequential yet underexplored element of the criminal legal system. LFOs consist of fines, fees, costs, restitution, surcharges, and other financial penalties that are imposed on individuals when they encounter the criminal legal system. Drawing on data from a…

Judge Justine Wise Polier's judicial career illuminates the interconnections between the history of the New York City public schools and the Children's Courts, making clear that for many children who found themselves in trouble, justice and education were intertwined. Critics of the children's courts have argued that they were flawed from their…

Participants in a symposium concerned with issues affecting rural New York State identified strengths and weaknesses and suggested policy in relation to three broad goals in the area of human services and community life: (1) increase community awareness of problems affecting rural localities, including the causes and effects of crime, violence,…