Relates characteristics of the Portuguese language to cultural traits of the Portuguese people, focusing on Portuguese history, art, and outlook. (MSE)

The fifth in a series of articles comparing modern languages to cultural or practical objects relates Spanish to a grill or grid, rigid and confining. (MSE)

In the third of a series on the logic of European languages, phonological, morphological, and syntactic idiosyncracies of German are discussed as they relate to the language's cultural context and philosophical heritage. (MSE)

Phonological, syntactic, and morphological aspects of Danish are viewed as symbolic and representative of the geographic, geological, and meteorological "betweeness" or versatility of the country and its culture. (MSE)

Patterns in the Greek language that have endured over 3000 years, reflecting patterns in Greek thought and civilization, are examined. Phonology and grammatical constructions are emphasized. (MSE)

Views the Dutch language as analogous to the polder typical of the Netherlands, an area of low-lying land reclaimed from a body of water and protected by dikes. Phonological, morphological, syntactic, semantic, and stylistic analyses are presented. (MSE)