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Download full textHarden, Karon; Punjabi, Maitri; Fernandez, Maricel – Education Quarterly Reviews, 2022
In 2009 the Philippines introduced a mother tongue-based multilingual education language policy requiring the "mother tongue" as the language of instruction (LOI) in kindergarten through grade 3. Using teacher classroom language data collected from four LOI groups in 2019, we compared the frequency of teachers' use of the target LOI in…
Descriptors: Language of Instruction, Language Usage, Multilingualism, Teacher Characteristics
