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Tulloch, Michelle K.; Hoff, Erika – Journal of Child Language, 2022
In this preregistered, longitudinal study of early code-switching, 34 US-born, Spanish-English bilingual children were recorded with a bilingual family member at 2;6 and 3;6, in Spanish-designated and English-designated interactions. Children's Spanish and English expressive vocabulary and their exposure to code-switching were measured through…
Descriptors: Bilingualism, Code Switching (Language), English (Second Language), Spanish
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Shea, Christine – Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 2019
This study examines how dominance and proficiency relate to Spanish heritage speaker vowel productions. Participants' normalized vowel measurements were compared to nonheritage native speakers of Spanish and English using the Pillai score, an output of Multivariate Analysis of Variances (MANOVAs) that allows comparisons across distributions of two…
Descriptors: Language Dominance, Native Language, Language Proficiency, Spanish
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De Angelis, Gessica – International Journal of Multilingualism, 2015
The present study examines two factors in relation to English L3 proficiency development and school performance in a third language: (a) parental education and (b) second language exposure within the living community. Participants (n?=?50) are Italian L1 students with German L2 and English L3. All students (eighth grade, 14 years of age) were…
Descriptors: English (Second Language), Second Language Learning, Multilingualism, Italian
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Maloof, Valerie Miller; Rubin, Donald L.; Miller, Ann Neville – International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 2006
The present study examines the role of a Vietnamese heritage language school in cross-cultural adaptation, as operationalised by the confluence of two independent variables, language competence and integrated cultural identity. To characterise the students' language competencies and degree of integrated cultural identities, interview…
Descriptors: Vietnamese, Predictor Variables, Language Dominance, Questionnaires
Duran, Richard P.; And Others – 1985
This study investigated the role of language factors as potential determinants of Hispanics' educational progress. Language background factors included exposure to, use of, and proficiency in both Spanish and English, and the students' perceptions of those factors. They were studied in relation to standardized measures of college aptitude and…
Descriptors: Academic Achievement, Bilingual Education, College Entrance Examinations, College Freshmen