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Major, Clarence – 1970
The speech habits of the most oppressed --and the largest-- segment of the black population in the United States did not spring solely from an inability to handle acceptable forms of spoken English, nor mainly from the limitations caused by the particular stock of words known to the speaker. Black slang stems from a somewhat disseminated rejection…
Descriptors: Black Dialects, Dictionaries, Language Patterns, Language Role

Abd-el-Jawad, H. R. – Language in Society, 1987
Sociolinguistic studies of spoken Arabic show at least three varieties at different levels of prestige: (1) Modern Standard Arabic (MSA); (2) regional standard with local prestige; and (3) vernacular varieties. The social function of the local prestigious nonstandard features can override the influence of the prestige of MSA. (Author/LMO)
Descriptors: Arabic, Bidialectalism, Code Switching (Language), Comparative Analysis