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Download full textShin’ichiro Ishikawa – LEARN Journal: Language Education and Acquisition Research Network, 2025
A writer's L1 is generally believed to influence their L2 English writing significantly. However, the extent to which L1 backgrounds influence Asian learners' L2 English writing has not been wholly elucidated due to the lack of data covering various learners in Asia. Therefore, this study analysed more than one-million-word essays written by 2,318…
Descriptors: Native Language, English (Second Language), Second Language Learning, Second Language Instruction
Direct linkKyle, Kristopher; Crossley, Scott – Language Testing, 2017
Over the past 45 years, the construct of syntactic sophistication has been assessed in L2 writing using what Bulté and Housen (2012) refer to as absolute complexity (Lu, 2011; Ortega, 2003; Wolfe-Quintero, Inagaki, & Kim, 1998). However, it has been argued that making inferences about learners based on absolute complexity indices (e.g., mean…
Descriptors: Syntax, Verbs, Second Language Learning, Word Frequency
Crossley, Scott A.; Kim, YouJin – Language Assessment Quarterly, 2019
The current study examined the effects of text-based relational (i.e., cohesion), propositional-specific (i.e., lexical), and syntactic features in a source text on subsequent integration of the source text in spoken responses. It further investigated the effects of word integration on human ratings of speaking performance while taking into…
Descriptors: Individual Differences, Syntax, Oral Language, Speech Communication
