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Roth, Wolff-Michael; Oliveri, Maria Elena; Sandilands, Debra Dallie; Lyons-Thomas, Juliette; Ercikan, Kadriye – International Journal of Science Education, 2013
Even if national and international assessments are designed to be comparable, subsequent psychometric analyses often reveal differential item functioning (DIF). Central to achieving comparability is to examine the presence of DIF, and if DIF is found, to investigate its sources to ensure differentially functioning items that do not lead to bias.…
Descriptors: Test Bias, Evaluation Methods, Protocol Analysis, Science Achievement