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Download full textLeonard, Danyika; Vitrella, Alex; Yang, KaYing – Education Evolving, 2020
In the United States, English is not the official language but the dominant one. But for many students, the dominance of English instruction has come at the expense of losing their first language. For much of our history of schooling in the United States, students have been forced to leave their heritage or home languages at the door when they…
Descriptors: Language Maintenance, Heritage Education, Language Skill Attrition, English (Second Language)
Liu, Kristin K.; Thurlow, Martha L.; Lazarus, Sheryl S.; Dosedel, Michael – National Center on Educational Outcomes, 2020
The Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) requires 95% participation in state achievement testing. Students with the most significant cognitive disabilities participate in states' alternate assessments based on alternate academic achievement standards (AA-AAAS). A growing number of these students are also English learners (Christensen et al., 2018).…
Descriptors: Students with Disabilities, Intellectual Disability, Autism, Pervasive Developmental Disorders
Liu, Kristin K.; Thurlow, Martha L.; Quenemoen, Rachel F. – National Center on Educational Outcomes, 2015
Students with significant cognitive disabilities may participate in states' alternate assessments based on alternate achievement standards (AA-AAS). A growing number of students with significant cognitive disabilities are also English learners (ELs) whose family may use another language in the home. They may only be exposed to English in a school…
Descriptors: Intellectual Disability, Severity (of Disability), English Language Learners, Severe Intellectual Disability
