This article focuses on minority languages in education in Europe in contexts where they are in contact with national state languages and English. Teaching minority language implies bilingual education because it is not about replacing the majority language, but to come 'alongside' or at 'equal footing'. The cases of Basque and Frisian, comparing…

Language shift is the process whereby one language becomes increasingly lesser used in place of the use of another language. In Scotland, language shift is occurring for Gaelic, as English takes its place for a variety of functions in the home and wider community. Extensive literature has argued the important role that education can play in the…

In post-Bologna Europe, there has been a noticeable increase in English-medium instruction. In this article we take the case of Sweden as an illustrative example of the wider disciplinary issues involved in changing the teaching language in this way. By 2008 the use of English in Swedish higher education had risen to such an extent that it had to…

The political and educational rationales for bilingual education in the United States and the implications of transitional and maintenance programs are examined. Following a period of adherence to English-only instruction which resulted in academic failure for minority children, support grew for the concept of bilingual education. The provisions…

An overview of the research and federal legislation concerning bilingual education is presented. Components of effective instruction in three areas are discussed: (1) developing proficiency in English language use; (2) developing basic academic skills; and (3) organizing instruction to obtain maximum student participation and growth of…

Policy established by the Manitoba (Canada) provincial government to inform the development and implementation of heritage language programs is outlined. Introductory sections provide background on the history of heritage language instruction, foreign language instruction, and language of instruction in Manitoba public schools. A brief discussion…

This article discusses the varieties of bilingualism, types of bilingual programs, goals and program implementation, measurement and evaluation of bilingual/bicultural programs, teacher preparation, the impact of the ESEA Title VII Bilingual Education Act, sample programs, the question of language "standards," and studies about program outcomes.…

Despite limited research due to lack of funding and inadequate program evaluations, enough evidence has accumulated to indicate that quality bilingual programs can meet the goal of providing equal educational opportunity for students from non-English speaking backgrounds. A review of existing research supports this statement. In almost all cases,…

This volume is the further examination of: (1) the impact of the Title VII program, based on student outcome data collected after the publication of Volume One in 1976 and on the continued examination of Volume One data; and (2) educational processes and outcomes found in the Impact Study classrooms. In the first section, a detailed discussion is…