Federal law defines English learner (EL) eligibility differently for Indigenous, compared to non-Indigenous, students, allowing for broader entry into the EL category, along with its accompanying resources and services. We interviewed EL leaders from 25 state departments of education to learn about their level of understanding of the…

Charter schools see as many as one in four teachers leave annually, and recent evidence attributes much of this turnover to provisions affected by collective bargaining processes and state laws such as salary, benefits, job security, and working hours. There have been many recent efforts to improve teacher voice in charter schools (Kahlenberg…

This article examines the legal and political significance of teacher unionization in rural and suburban school districts between 1960 and 1975. While most historians focus on the growth of unions in urban areas, strikes in outlying districts played a determinative role in the development of public sector labor law, particularly in the arbitration…

This hearing serves as a first in a set of hearings focusing on early learning. In his opening statement, Senator Tom Harkin, Chairman of the Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions, strongly encouraged members of this committee on both sides of the aisle to hold roundtables and have discussions on early learning in their local…

Given their pivotal position, school psychologists have understandable concerns about the possibility of becoming the target of the relatively frequent legal proceedings under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). Indeed, the threat of litigation can contribute to a flight from the profession (Lange, 2011). Yet, an informal…

One of the most important topics for today's information technology professional is the study of legal and regulatory issues as they relate to privacy and security of personal and business data and identification. This manuscript describes the topics and approach taken by the instructors that focuses on independent research of source documents and…

The learning and support needs of students identified as gifted are addressed in a variety of ways throughout the United States, but there is little consistency in state laws, and some states have few or no laws regarding gifted education, leaving this to local districts. The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania does have laws and policies in place,…

Students with specific learning disability (SLD) continue to account for a higher proportion of all special education enrollments than any other classification under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). Probably the most frequent topic in the special education literature since the 2004 amendments to IDEA has been the movement…

THE FEASIBILITY OF EMPLOYING ELECTRONIC COMPUTERS AS RESEARCH AND OPERATIONAL TOOLS IN THE AREA OF SCHOOL LAW WAS TESTED. TEXT MATERIAL WAS SELECTED, MARKED FOR TYPING BY AN ATTORNEY, AND TRANSFERRED TO MAGNETIC TAPE THROUGH THE INTERMEDIATE STEPS OF PUNCHED PAPER TAPE AND IBM PUNCH CARDS. A CONCORDANCE PROGRAM BROKE DOWN THE TEXT INTO ALPHABETIC…

This document contains a final report and a handbook from a project to develop a comprehensive text on Pennsylvania government structure and taxes written on a lower (fourth- to eighth-grade) reading level for adult basic education students. The report describes how available government publications were researched, and a five-unit handbook that…

Following World War I, many Americans plunged into sport, and found the Sabbath a convenient and popular day for engaging in sporting events, especially since Sunday activities had become commonplace during the War and acceptable in many areas. However, when Pennsylvanians turned to sport on the Sabbath, they were confronted by the state's archaic…

As a result of various health concerns, children are receiving an increased number of medications while at school. In Pennsylvania, the School Code mandates a ratio of 1 certified school nurse to 1,500 students, which may mean that 1 school nurse is covering 3-5 buildings. This implies that unlicensed personnel are administering medications, a…

The Assessment of Law-Related Competencies includes tests for three different levels: primary, covering grades K-4; intermediate, covering grades 5-8; and secondary, covering grades 9-12. Most of the items in the three multiple choice tests are intended to measure cognitive knowledge of various law-related concepts, including: nature and types of…

Cooperative education is a method of instruction that enables students to combine academic classroom instruction (school-based learning component) with occupational instruction through learning on the job (work-based learning component) in a career area of choice. Emphasis is placed on the students' education and employability skills. Co-op is a…

Full-time professors at the University of Pittsburgh enjoy "real managerial authority" and cannot bargain collectively under state law, a Pennsylvania Labor Relations Board examiner has ruled. The examiner said Pittsburgh's faculty members could not bargain because they enjoyed similar working conditions to professors at Yeshiva…