Measurement in learning and instruction is discussed here in the light of instructional design requirements and specific models or systems of instruction. Three general classes of instructional models found in current educational practice are presented. One particular model of instruction--for adapting instruction to individual differences--is…

Two fifth grade measures of the ability to deal with symbolic relationships were developed for use in future factor analytic research concerning the nature of intelligence. Circle Reasoning was adopted from an adult level test by modifying the number of symbols and the nature of the principles on which the items were based. Item analysis results…

The effects of behavioral objectives and/or rules on the learning process were examined using a hierarchical imaginary science called the Science of Xenograde Systems. The learning task was presented by a computer assisted instruction system to 130 introductory educational psychology and science education students. After being given a battery of…

Some of the specific learning and motivational variables involved in desensitization therapy were investigated. Two factors were considered: group interaction as a source of motivation and discrimination learning, and the effect of a progressive hierarchy of problem-related situations upon anxiety arousal. The design of the study involved a 2x2…

This paper reports an effort to develop and field test a new social learning model for school psychologists. The conclusions of the research thus far completed would indicate strongly that it is entirely possible to recruit and retrain existing school psychologists making effective changes in both their cognitive and behavioral approach to school…

This study investigated selected transformation abilities predicted by Guilford's structure-of-intellect model of intelligence and related those abilities to aspects of academic learning. To demonstrate the 16 hypothesized unique abilities, 46 aptitude tests were designed and administered to 197 high school students. The score variables were…

Based on the hypothesis that the construction of number is closely related to the development of logic, this book records a series of experiments investigating classes, relations, and numbers as cognitive domains. The author finds that number is organized, stage after stage, in close connection with the gradual elaboration of systems of inclusions…

This commentary analyzes Professor Bloom's definitions of kinds of evaluation and the needs for evaluation in education. In a discussion of the nature of tests of cognition, memory, and production and evaluation abilities, Professor Guilford stresses the need for concern with acquisition of specific items of information and with general…

Reported is an investigation designed to (1) utilize the Carroll model as a framework for implementing a mastery learning strategy in a nongraded setting, (2) identify the Carroll model as a possible theoretical basis for administrative decisions regarding the organizational structuring of schools, and (3) test certain hypotheses derived from the…

This paper, using the concept of method as a unit of analysis, constructs an analog model for analysis of small units or entire programs in the classroom instruction situation (CIS). The author formulates a series of conceptualizations, translated into diagrams, of the CIS based on viewing teaching and learning as (a) cases of intellect activity…

Expanded abstracts and critical analyses are given for each of 17 research articles. Six articles are concerned with evaluating methods of instruction, two deal with student achievement in mathematics, one is concerned with classroom interaction and one with class size, four investigate learning and learning hierarchies, and three articles focus…

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the learning and retention of concepts formed from novel visual stimulus materials (wave-form patterns). The purpose of the first experiment was to scale sets of wave forms as a function of difficulty, i.e., subjects were shown a prototype wave form and were asked to give same-different judgments for…

Two-syllable words were presented singly for study followed by a two-alternative, forced-choice test to 120 college students divided into four groups of 30 each. Half of the new words on the test ("I" words) were constructed by combining two syllables taken from two different study words, and half were neutral words ("C" words). If, as a…

An attempt is made to discuss current models of information processing, learning, and development, thereby suggesting adequate methodological strategies for research in visual literacy. It is maintained that development is a cumulative process of learning, and that learning and memory are the result of new knowledge, sensations, etc. over a short…

This book reproduces accounts of some of the early experimental child-centered schools. Also included is an essay on the relationship between play and learning written in the early 1900's. Early efforts at observing and recording the behavior of young children are reported. It is suggested that this book may help contemporary educators understand…