Comparative motivational studies of middle class and lower class children show that different economic and ethnic groups vary in their reward-punishment systems. Teachers should have a systematic theory of the working of reward and punishment in learning. Their theory should include the concept of a hierarchy of reward levels, and they should…

This position paper presents guidelines for an approach to career planning which integrates educational experiences with the world of work and job requirements, based on models developed in 1968 for the purpose of planning the "Image of the World of Work" program. It provides the rationale and the application of the models for general…

Because of the intensity factors involved in school tasks, and the importance of schooling in determining the child's future in this complex civilization, the energy organizations and physical limits of the classroom are probably the most significant of all the factors encountered in shaping the child's ultimate social form. Very little is known…

This pamphlet is written for parents of young children of preschool and early school age. Chapter One is concerned with sex education and includes discussion on topics such as: (1) the importance of sex education from infancy on; and (2) the experiences which contribute to sex education. Chapter Two gives help to parents on the following topics:…

This paper is concerned with the question of relationship among preferred perceptual modes, selected independent variables which cause individual differences, and the resulting effects on conceptual behavior. Subjects ranged from four and one-half years to eight and one-half years of age. Each child chosen by the plan was screened for color…

Investigated were two questions related to the acquisition and transfer of botanical classification skill by elementary science methods students. Data were collected from a sample of 89 students enrolled in methods courses. Sixty-two students served as the experimental sample, and 27 served as the control for the transfer portion of the research.…

This study provides evidence of the basic parameters of elementary school students' viewing of national, local, and children's news programing. About half of the children studied regularly watched the special Saturday morning newscasts, while almost half watched adult news programing at least occasionally. News viewing increased steadily from…

This booklet was developed to help teachers evaluate student courses. It is not intended to provide the basis for a total evaluation, but as a "quick and easy" method to describe the basis of awarding student grades; identify ways in which to evaluate the effectiveness of a course of study; analyze the cognitive levels of test items; list the real…

Repeated exposure to tests composed of memory items was compared to repeated exposure to tests including higher-level cognitive items and to tests composed of both item types. Other design factors were sex, ability level, subject matter sequence (science and social studies), and learning session. (A sample of 2008 eleventh-grade students…

Three experiments were conducted in order to investigate teacher- and experimenter-bias effects on children's learning and performance. Teacher-bias effects on children's Stanford Achievement Test (SAT) performance were assessed in a one and a half year longitudinal study in two second- and two fourth-grade classrooms. The teacher-bias…

Reported is a study of classificational preference of 250 school children ranging in age from 3 to 8 years old. These subjects showed typical diversity in academic experiences and intellectual aptitudes. The research procedure involved presenting a subject with a set of colored paper shapes and asking him to sort the objects into subsets. The…

The purpose of the study was to determine the relationship between a fourth-grade child's impulsive-reflective response style and two aspects of his problem-solving ability--the ability to select the proper arithmetic operation in a verbal arithmetic problem and the ability to estimate. The entire fourth-grade enrollment of three schools took the…

Activities undertaken during the initial phase of Project LEARN at Beloit College are described. Following a summary of the consensus of student opinions about college-level learning which arose out of weekly discussion groups, the author presents a description of SELFDRill, a learning utility program which is designed to convert a PDP-8…

Comprehension of a problem or task that is generated in the real world rather than presented as a well-defined problem-statement of the kind encountered in textbooks or psychological laboratories was related to the ability of recognizing, selecting and formulating problems. The process of acquiring and utilizing this ability was conceptualized…

The five papers which comprise this volume share a common interest in the relationship of the problems of instructional technology to the insights of the behavioral sciences. The first chapter is concerned with the applications of present knowledge and empirical methodology to the solution of particular behavioral problems, an activity that…