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Direct linkZirkel, Perry A. – Communique, 2021
After dropping steadily from 2000-2001 to 2013-2014, the percentage of students identified under the IDEA classification of specific learning disabilities (SLD) levelled off and increased slightly until the latest data available (2017-2018; NCES, 2019). Despite the recognition in the IDEA amendments of 2004 of response to intervention (RTI) as…
Descriptors: Learning Disabilities, Students with Disabilities, Educational Legislation, Eligibility
Zirkel, Perry A. – Communique, 2022
For this 23rd article in the series reviewing recent court decisions concerning appropriate school psychology practice from both professional and legal perspectives, the topic is the substantive standard for free appropriate public education (FAPE) under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), with a focus on the classification of…
Descriptors: Educational Legislation, Students with Disabilities, Equal Education, Federal Legislation
Kovaleski, Joseph F.; VanDerHeyden, Amanda M.; Runge, Timothy J.; Zirkel, Perry A.; Shapiro, Edward S. – Guilford Press, 2022
From leading authorities, this indispensable work is now in a revised and expanded second edition, presenting state-of-the-art tools and procedures for practitioners. The book shows how to use response to intervention (RTI) to evaluate K-12 students for specific learning disabilities (SLD). The second edition gives increased attention to…
Descriptors: Elementary Secondary Education, Response to Intervention, Students with Disabilities, Learning Disabilities
Peer reviewedZirkel, Perry A. – Exceptional Children, 2018
This article provides a systematic and impartial analysis of the law, including hearing and review officer as well as judicial decisions, specific to the intersection of response to intervention (RTI) and school districts' ongoing affirmative obligation of child find. The results reveal that this intersection has not been the subject of…
Descriptors: Response to Intervention, School Districts, Program Implementation, Disabilities
Zirkel, Perry A. – Communique, 2018
Specific learning disability (SLD), although moderately declining in recent years, continues to account for the highest enrollment among the eligibility classifications under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA; Zirkel, 2013b). The recognition of response to intervention (RTI) in the 2004 amendments of the IDEA as an approach for…
Descriptors: Learning Disabilities, Response to Intervention, Special Education, Eligibility
Zirkel, Perry A. – Learning Disability Quarterly, 2018
The legal dimension of response to intervention (RTI) has been the subject of considerable professional confusion. This brief article addresses the issue in three parts. The first part provides an update of a previous iteration that compared 12 common conceptions, referred to here as the "lore," with an objective synthesis of the…
Descriptors: Response to Intervention, Court Litigation, School Law, Educational Policy
Zirkel, Perry A. – Communique, 2015
This third article in a series of reviewing recent court decisions concerning appropriate school psychology practice from both professional and legal perspectives, asks readers to consider the summary of a Maine case presented with regard to the issue of eligibility under the classification of specific learning disabilities (SLD) under the…
Descriptors: School Psychology, Court Litigation, School Psychologists, Learning Disabilities
Zumeta, Rebecca O.; Zirkel, Perry A.; Danielson, Louis – Topics in Language Disorders, 2014
Specific learning disability (SLD) identification and eligibility practices are evolving and sometimes contentious. This article describes the historical context and current status of the SLD definition, legislation, regulation, and case law related to the identification of students eligible for special education services. The first part traces…
Descriptors: Learning Disabilities, Disability Identification, Definitions, Legislation
Zirkel, Perry A. – Learning Disability Quarterly, 2017
This article provides a concise and objective synthesis of the federal legislation, regulations, and agency policy interpretations; state laws; and case law, including hearing officer and complaint investigation decisions, concerning specific learning disability (SLD) identification since the 2006 IDEA regulations. The results reveal wide latitude…
Descriptors: Learning Disabilities, Disability Identification, Federal Legislation, Federal Regulation
Zirkel, Perry A. – Communique, 2014
As the second iteration of the reexamination of recent court decisions concerning appropriate school psychology practice from both professional and legal perspectives, this article considers the following pair of cases with regard to the issue of eligibility under the classification of specific learning disabilities (SLD) under the Individuals…
Descriptors: School Psychology, School Psychologists, Eligibility, Learning Disabilities
Zirkel, Perry A. – Learning Disability Quarterly, 2012
In this issue of "Learning Disability Quarterly" (LDQ), Professors Daves and Walker reply to my earlier LDQ article on confusion in the cases and commentary about the legal dimension of RTI. In this brief rejoinder, I show that their reply confirms rather than resolves the confusion in their original commentary in 2010. This persistent…
Descriptors: Learning Disabilities, Court Litigation, Response to Intervention, Federal Legislation
Zirkel, Perry A. – Learning Disability Quarterly, 2011
This article expresses the position that the current legal commentary and cases do not sufficiently differentiate response to intervention (RTI) from the various forms of general education interventions that preceded it, thus compounding confusion in professional practice as to legally defensible procedures for identifying children as having a…
Descriptors: Learning Disabilities, Laws, Integrity, Response to Intervention
Zirkel, Perry A. – Journal of Learning Disabilities, 2013
Based on the latest U.S. Department of Education data, this article presents the enrollment figures for students identified with specific learning disabilities (SLD) under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) for the school years from 1995-1996 to 2011-2012. The figures for each year are (a) the number of students with SLD ages 6…
Descriptors: Enrollment Trends, Response to Intervention, Learning Disabilities, Incidence
Zirkel, Perry A. – Learning Disability Quarterly, 2013
This short article provides a legal analysis of the Hale et al. white paper on specific learning disabilities identification. The white paper presents a purported consensus of experts that an approach combining response to intervention with severe discrepancy is consistent with the Individuals With Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). The analysis…
Descriptors: Learning Disabilities, Response to Intervention, Disability Identification, Position Papers
Zirkel, Perry A. – Communique, 2011
Response to intervention (RTI) remains a major issue in both the professional literature and school practice. A series of previous "snapshot" studies traced the development of RTI in state laws concerning identification of students with specific learning disability (SLD). In the last article in this series, Zirkel and Thomas (2010) reported that…
Descriptors: General Education, State Legislation, Learning Disabilities, Laws
