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Nugent, Gwen C. – Educational Communication and Technology: A Journal of Theory, Research, and Development, 1982
Studies whether presentations by an iconic system (pictures) or a linguistic system (print or audio) aid learning. Tests given fourth-to-sixth graders showed alternation between systems, using each to assimilate information. Learning was not as effective when content differed between the systems and this information was presented simultaneously…
Descriptors: Audiovisual Instruction, Aural Learning, Intermediate Grades, Intermode Differences

Nichols, D. R. – Journal of Visual Impairment and Blindness, 1990
Natural history facts and concepts were presented to 160 multiaged individuals through tactual and/or visual interpretive stations along a nature trail. Individuals were tested to indicate knowledge retention after the trail experience. Visual, tactual, and visual/tactual approaches proved to be equally effective treatments in most cases.…
Descriptors: Adults, Environmental Interpretation, Higher Education, Intermediate Grades