Studies whether presentations by an iconic system (pictures) or a linguistic system (print or audio) aid learning. Tests given fourth-to-sixth graders showed alternation between systems, using each to assimilate information. Learning was not as effective when content differed between the systems and this information was presented simultaneously…

This study compared successive formats (booklets) to simultaneous formats (display boards) to determine whether simultaneous formats increase instructional effectiveness and whether a topic of higher interest provides more learning than one of lower interest. Findings suggest older children may achieve higher learning levels with simultaneous…