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Carr, Cathy L. Edwards – 1997
This action research project devised a program designed to increase the use of visual elements in middle school core subjects and assessed its impact on student recall, teacher awareness, and use of visual/spatial elements. Observation, surveys, and interviews documented teachers' and students' limited knowledge and use of visual/spatial elements…
Descriptors: Art Activities, Art Education, Classroom Techniques, Cognitive Development

Chiodo, John J. – Journal of Geography, 1997
Presents the results of a study contrasting conventional instruction with protocol lessons (a sequence of lessons based on developmental stages of learning with each lesson building on the previous one) concerning sketch maps. The students taught with the protocol lessons showed significant improvement over the other group. (MJP)
Descriptors: Cognitive Development, Cognitive Structures, Cognitive Style, Developmental Stages