Although earlier studies have documented the importance of spatial orientation skills in early childhood development, teachers often need more experience and guidance in teaching these skills. This research investigates how two kindergarten teachers, guided by two teacher education researchers, utilized Learning Trajectories (LT) in a Professional…

This study aimed to examine the learning progression (LP) model of scientific imagination among undergraduate students using the Scientific Imagination Test-Verbal (SIT-Verbal) and investigated the influence of students' demographic characteristics including gender, age, and discipline on their scientific imagination. Six hundred and sixteen…

In order to investigate the influence of separation of grade distributions and ratio of common items on the precision of vertical scaling, this simulation study chooses common item design and first grade as base grade. There are four grades with 1,000 students each to take part in a test which has 100 items. Monte Carlo simulation method is used…