Gary Armstrong, assistant principal, is faced with a delicate situation. The elementary school recently enrolled a transgender student, and the principal, Amy Lamar, is resistant to considering the student's unique needs. This case was developed for use in a leadership course. Instructors can use the case to encourage dialogue around legal…

School districts are often given the challenging task of addressing problematic online behaviors committed by students while simultaneously protecting themselves from civil liability by not overstepping their authority. This is difficult, because the law concerning these behaviors is ambiguous and continuously evolving, and little consensus has…

Title IX of the Education Reformation Act was passed in 1972 for the purpose of providing equality between males and females in intercollegiate sports. Since its inception the disparity between men's and women's varsity athletics programs has persisted throughout American colleges and universities. Discrimination and equal protection concerns…

Although single-sex education was once the norm in the U.S., the practice has largely been confined to private schools for more than a century. However, with the introduction of the final version of the U.S. Department of Education's so-called single-sex regulations in 2006, public schools were allowed greater flexibility to offer single-sex…

An academic leader needs to have a basic understanding of the relevant constitutional and statutory provisions, evolving laws, and legal issues affecting higher education and the relationship between legal considerations and academic administration. At the same time, an academic leader must focus on accomplishing the goals, objectives, and…

Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 mandates that sex discrimination be eliminated in federally assisted education programs. Although a few issues such as competitive athletics have generated wide interest, Title IX has significant implications for a variety of less publicized issues including recruiting, admissions, financial aid,…

When Congress decided that Title IX applied to sports, the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (HEW) was required to develop regulations for enforcing equality in athletic programs. HEW's guidelines, the federal government's enforcement of the guidelines, and the impact of Title IX on women's athletics are discussed. (SR)

Discusses parental involvement in a Title IX case that forced the Tempe, Arizona school district to provide equal funding for a girl's softball field when the district, for reasons of cost containment, had originally wanted the girls to use an adjacent church's field. Observations from both sides and the case's resolution are discussed. (GR)

Since Brown University lost its four-year court battle over athletic program equality issues, most colleges and secondary schools have learned to settle when sued under Title IX. Virginia Tech, University of Kansas, and Howard University are illustrative cases. Since nearly all high schools and colleges are vulnerable, it is wise to prepare for…

Describes four legally sensitive scenarios involving student access to the Internet and recommends appropriate strategies to assist principals in reducing exposure to legal action. (PKP)

Examines three areas of vulnerability of charitable trusts which provide scholarships restricting applicants to one sex. The first area is based on constitutional grounds; the second, under the 1972 amendment to the Education Act; and the third, the entitlement of tax exempt status. (Author/PG)

Analyzes implications of a $2-million judgment awarded to a female football player by a federal jury who found that Duke University (North Carolina) engaged in illegal discrimination by keeping her off its football team. Considers the tradition of football as a decidedly male activity, Title IX requirements, and the large degree of variance in…

Explains the new obligations imposed on school officials by federal legislation on sex discrimination under the provisions of Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972. (JF)

Using applicable common law and statutory standards, this comment examines from several perspectives the constitutionality of section 86.41 of the Title IX regulations. It is concluded that the alternative to section 86.41 and the entire separate but equal system is to classify by ability rather than by sex. (LBH)

Defines sexual harassment and reminds school boards of their moral and legal obligation to protect employees and maintain an intimidation-free workplace. Offers several tips for preventing sexual harrassment and for launching investigations into complaints. (MLH)