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Oakes, Jeannie; And Others – Elementary School Journal, 1993
Explores the content of middle school reforms, focusing on how they diverge from conventional school practices, school norms, and school politics. Argues that norms of community and integration will need to replace many of the competitive, individualistic, and bureaucratic norms embedded in current practice. (Author/PAM)
Descriptors: Ability Grouping, Adolescent Development, Adolescents, Curriculum Development

Stanovich, Paula J.; Jordan, Anne – Elementary School Journal, 1998
Used teacher beliefs and attitudes, principal beliefs and school norms, and teacher efficacy to predict effective teaching in heterogeneous classrooms. Found that the strongest predictors of effective teaching were: (1) the subjective school norm operationalized by the principal's attitudes and beliefs about heterogeneous classroom and report of…
Descriptors: Administrator Attitudes, Elementary Education, Elementary School Teachers, Foreign Countries