Geospatial tools, which include global positioning systems (GPS), geographic information systems (GIS), and remote sensing, are increasingly driving a variety of applications. Local governments and private industry are embracing these tools, and the public is beginning to demand geospatial services. The U.S. Department of Labor (DOL) reported that…

This paper discusses instructional objectives in middle school social studies programs in Virginia. Undertaken in response to a concern that middle school objectives were largely unsettled despite a significant amount of research, this study aimed at clarifying objectives by investigating Virginia social studies educators' professional positions…

The standards of learning objectives for social studies are presented as a framework for curriculum planning and instruction. Program foci and objectives are described for each instructional level from kindergarten through grade 12. Objectives reflect the concern for developing concepts, attitudes, and skills in geography, history, culture, social…