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de Boer, Hester; Bosker, Roel J.; van der Werf, Margaretha P. C. – Journal of Educational Psychology, 2010
In this article, we address the relationship between teacher expectation bias and student characteristics, its effect on long-term student performance, and the development of this effect over time. Expectation bias was defined as the difference between observed and predicted teacher expectation. These predicted expectations were estimated from a…
Descriptors: Teacher Expectations of Students, Student Evaluation, Student Characteristics, Academic Achievement
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Atkins, Trent L.; Cummings, Kelli D. – Rural Special Education Quarterly, 2011
The purpose of this study was to document the relationship between two commonly-used indicators of reading proficiency (i.e., Oral Reading Fluency [ORF] and Retell Fluency [RTF]) and two reading outcome tests in the state of Montana. Third and fourth grade students were assessed over 1 school year (2005-2006). Each student was assessed at three…
Descriptors: Oral Reading, Reading Fluency, Reading Tests, Grade 3