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Fisher, Ryan A. – Journal of Research in Music Education, 2010
The purposes of this study were to compare the age of onset of the voice change in African American, White, and Hispanic male students, as well as to describe characteristics of the changing male voice in fourth-, fifth-, and sixth-grade students, using Cooksey's maturation stages. Participants included volunteers from two urban elementary…
Descriptors: Ethnicity, Elementary Schools, Singing, Middle Schools
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Veenstra, Rene; Lindenberg, Siegwart; Tinga, Frank; Ormel, Johan – International Journal of Behavioral Development, 2010
Some pupils already show unexcused, illegal, surreptitious absences in elementary education or the first years of secondary education. Are weak social bonds (see also Hirschi, 1969) and a lack of self-control (Gottfredson & Hirschi, 1990) indicative of truancy at an early age? Of the children in our sample, 5% were persistent truants in late…
Descriptors: Economic Status, Truancy, Delinquency, Secondary Education