After a long decline, the Labor Force Participation Rate (LFPR) of older men in the United States leveled off in the 1980s, and began to increase in the late 1990s. We examine how changes in Social Security rules affected these trends. We attribute only a small portion of the decline from the 1960s-80s to the increasing generosity of Social…

The accepted assumption among researchers is that control has trait-like features; under controlled conditions, individuals experience a sense of control by interacting with the environment, experiencing personal influence and evaluating perceived outcomes (Rotter, 1966 and Bandura, 1974). It seems reasonable, therefore, to examine the sense of…

Women are at a disadvantage under both Social Security and private employee pension plans because the retirement systems were set up at a time when most women were non-working spouses of employed men, a condition that no longer exists. Today women workers, divorcees, and widows of retirees often find themselves with inadequate retirement benefits…